View Larger Image	Christian Bauer, Gavin King Manning Publications, Paperback, Published August 2004, 408 pages, ISBN 193239415X
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• Programming Languages : Java
• Other Topics : Open Source
• * Series - Int/Adv Users : Manning In Action

• Manning Publications

Not only that, Hibernate makes it easy. Positioned as a layer between your application and your database, Hibernate takes care of loading and saving of objects. Hibernate applications are cheaper, more portable, and more resilient to change. And they perform better than anything you are likely to develop yourself.

Hibernate in Action carefully explains the concepts you need, then gets you going. It builds on a single example to show you how to use Hibernate in practice, how to deal with concurrency and transactions, how to efficiently retrieve objects and use caching.

The authors created Hibernate and they field questions from the Hibernate community every day—they know how to make Hibernate sing. Knowledge and insight seep out of every pore of this book.

What's Inside

• ORM concepts
  
• Getting started
  
• Many real-world tasks
  
• The Hibernate application development processes
  

Preface

"Just because it is possible to push twigs along the ground with one's nose does not necessarily mean that that is the best way to collect firewood."
-Anthony Berglas

Today, many software developers work with Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). This kind of application creates, manages, and stores structured information and shares this information between many users in multiple physical locations.

The storage of EIS data involves massive usage of SQL-based database management systems. Every company we've met during our careers uses at least one SQL database; most are completely dependent on relational database technology at the core of their business.

In the past five years, broad adoption of the Java programming language has brought about the ascendancy of the object-oriented paradigm for software development. Developers are now sold on the benefits of object orientation. However, the vast majority of businesses are also tied to long-term investments in expensive relational database systems. Not only are particular vendor products entrenched, but existing legacy data must be made available to (and via) the shiny new object-oriented web applications.

However, the tabular representation of data in a relational system is fundamentally different than the networks of objects used in object-oriented Java applications. This difference has led to the so-called object/relational paradigm mismatch. Traditionally, the importance and cost of this mismatch have been underestimated, and tools for solving the mismatch have been insufficient. Meanwhile, Java developers blame relational technology for the mismatch; data professionals blame object technology.

Object/relational mapping (ORM) is the name given to automated solutions to the mismatch problem. For developers weary of tedious data access code, the good news is that ORM has come of age. Applications built with ORM middleware can be expected to be cheaper, more performant, less vendor-specific, and more able to cope with changes to the internal object or underlying SQL schema. The astonishing thing is that these benefits are now available to Java developers for free.

Gavin King began developing Hibernate in late 2001 when he found that the popular persistence solution at the time-CMP Entity Beans-didn't scale to nontrivial applications with complex data models. Hibernate began life as an independent, noncommercial open source project.

The Hibernate team (including the authors) has learned ORM the hard way-that is, by listening to user requests and implementing what was needed to satisfy those requests. The result, Hibernate, is a practical solution, emphasizing developer productivity and technical leadership. Hibernate has been used by tens of thousands of users and in many thousands of production applications.

When the demands on their time became overwhelming, the Hibernate team concluded that the future success of the project (and Gavin's continued sanity) demanded professional developers dedicated full-time to Hibernate. Hibernate joined jboss.org in late 2003 and now has a commercial aspect; you can purchase commercial support and training from JBoss Inc. But commercial training shouldn't be the only way to learn about Hibernate.

It's obvious that many, perhaps even most, Java projects benefit from the use of an ORM solution like Hibernate-although this wasn't obvious a couple of years ago! As ORM technology becomes increasingly mainstream, product documentation such as Hibernate's free user manual is no longer sufficient. We realized that the Hibernate community and new Hibernate users needed a full-length book, not only to learn about developing software with Hibernate, but also to understand and appreciate the object/relational mismatch and the motivations behind Hibernate's design.

The book you're holding was an enormous effort that occupied most of our spare time for more than a year. It was also the source of many heated disputes and learning experiences. We hope this book is an excellent guide to Hibernate (or, "the Hibernate bible," as one of our reviewers put it) and also the first comprehensive documentation of the object/relational mismatch and ORM in general. We hope you find it helpful and enjoy working with Hibernate.

Table of Contents

foreword
preface
acknowledgments
about this book
about Hibernate3 and EJB 3
author online
about the title and cover

1 Understanding object/relational persistence

What is persistence?

Relational databases - Understanding SQL - Using SQL in Java - Persistence in object-oriented applications

The paradigm mismatch

The problem of granularity - The problem of subtypes - The problem of identity - Problems relating to associations - The problem of object graph navigation - The cost of the mismatch

Persistence layers and alternatives

Layered architecture - Hand-coding a persistence layer with SQL/JDBC - Using serialization - Considering EJB entity beans - Object-oriented database systems - Other options

Object/relational mapping

What is ORM? - Generic ORM problems - Why ORM?

Summary

2 Introducing and integrating Hibernate

"Hello World" with Hibernate
Understanding the architecture

The core interfaces - Callback interfaces - Types - Extension interfaces

Basic configuration

Creating a SessionFactory - Configuration in non-managed environments - Configuration in managed environments

Advanced configuration settings

Using XML-based configuration - JNDI-bound SessionFactory - Logging - Java Management Extensions (JMX)

Summary

3 Mapping persistent classes

The CaveatEmptor application

Analyzing the business domain - The CaveatEmptor domain model

Implementing the domain model

Addressing leakage of concerns - Transparent and automated persistence - Writing POJOs - Implementing POJO associations - Adding logic to accessor methods

Defining the mapping metadata

Metadata in XML - Basic property and class mappings - Attribute-oriented programming - Manipulating metadata at runtime

Understanding object identity

Identity versus equality - Database identity with Hibernate - Choosing primary keys

Fine-grained object models

Entity and value types - Using components

Mapping class inheritance

Table per concrete class - Table per class hierarchy - Table per subclass - Choosing a strategy

Introducing associations

Managed associations? - Multiplicity - The simplest possible association - Making the association bidirectional - A parent/child relationship

Summary

4 Working with persistent objects

The persistence lifecycle

Transient objects - Persistent objects - Detached objects - The scope of object identity - Outside the identity scope - Implementing equals() and hashCode()

The persistence manager

Making an object persistent - Updating the persistent state of a detached instance - Retrieving a persistent object - Updating a persistent object - Making a persistent object transient - Making a detached object transient

Using transitive persistence in Hibernate

Persistence by reachability - Cascading persistence with Hibernate - Managing auction categories - Distinguishing between transient and detached instances

Retrieving objects

Retrieving objects by identifier - Introducing HQL - Query by criteria - Query by example - Fetching strategies - Selecting a fetching strategy in mappings - Tuning object retrieval

Summary

5 Transactions, concurrency, and caching

Transactions, concurrency, and caching
Understanding database transactions

JDBC and JTA transactions - The Hibernate Transaction API - Flushing the Session - Understanding isolation levels - Choosing an isolation level - Setting an isolation level - Using pessimistic locking

Working with application transactions

Using managed versioning - Granularity of a Session - Other ways to implement optimistic locking

Caching theory and practice

Caching strategies and scopes - The Hibernate cache architecture - Caching in practice

Summary

6 Advanced mapping concepts

Understanding the Hibernate type system

Built-in mapping types - Using mapping types

Mapping collections of value types

Sets, bags, lists, and maps

Mapping entity associations

One-to-one associations - Many-to-many associations

Mapping polymorphic associations

Polymorphic many-to-one associations - Polymorphic collections - Polymorphic associations and table-per- concrete-class

Summary

7 Retrieving objects efficiently

Executing queries

The query interfaces - Binding parameters - Using named queries

Basic queries for objects

The simplest query - Using aliases - Polymorphic queries - Restriction - Comparison operators - String matching - Logical operators - Ordering query results

Joining associations

Hibernate join options - Fetching associations 260 - Using aliases with joins 262 - Using implicit joins 265 - Theta-style joins 267 - Comparing identifiers

Writing report queries - Projection - Using aggregation - Grouping

Restricting groups with having - Improving performance with report queries

Advanced query techniques

Dynamic queries - Collection filters - Subqueries - Native SQL queries

Optimizing object retrieval

Solving the n+1 selects problem - Using iterate() queries - Caching queries

Summary

8 Writing Hibernate applications

Designing layered applications

Using Hibernate in a servlet engine - Using Hibernate in an EJB container

Implementing application transactions

Approving a new auction - Doing it the hard way - Using detached persistent objects - Using a long session - Choosing an approach to application transactions

Handling special kinds of data

Legacy schemas and composite keys - Audit logging

Summary

9 Using the toolset

Development processes

Top down - Bottom up - Middle out (metadata oriented) - Meet in the middle - Roundtripping

Automatic schema generation

Preparing the mapping metadata - Creating the schema - Updating the schema

Generating POJO code

Adding meta-attributes - Generating finders - Configuring hbm2java - Running hbm2java

Existing schemas and Middlegen

Starting Middlegen - Restricting tables and relationships - Customizing the metadata generation - Generating hbm2java and XDoclet metadata

XDoclet

Setting value type attributes - Mapping entity associations - Running XDoclet

Summary

appendix A: SQL fundamentals

appendix B: ORM implementation strategies

Properties or fields?
Dirty-checking strategies

appendix C: Back in the real world

The strange copy
The more the better
We don?t need primary keys
Time isn?t linear
Dynamically unsafe
To synchronize or not?
Really fat client
Resuming Hibernate

references
index

About the Authors

A member of the core Hibernate developer team, Christian Bauer maintains the Hibernate documentation and website. He is a senior software engineer in Frankfurt, Germany.

Gavin King is the Hibernate founder and principal developer. He is a J2EE consultant based in Melbourne, Australia.

Reviews

"This is another one of those books that shouldn't be torn into until you have some idea of what you are looking for. Hibernate, the software system that is the heart of the book is (in my mind at least) the glue that goes between Java and a SQL database. You should have some experience with both Java and SQL to begin to understand the power that Hibernate brings to the table.

Once you have that down, then this book becomes well worth the cost. It's true that Open Source projects, such as Hibernate, have on-line documentation. But that documentation is written differently than a book. It is aimed at a different audience, and often doesn't have the consistent front to back approach that a well thought out book has.

This book is an excellent example. While the on-line documentation is good, (Mr. Bauer, one of the authors is in charge of the on-line documentation) the book is better. It begins with a description of what you are trying to do (often left out in computer books) and leads you on in a consistent manner through the entire Hibernate system. Excellent Book!"
-- Books-on-Line

"Having used Hibernate for about a year before any book was available, I relied mainly on the documentation available at the web site. But this book from none others than the lead developer and the lead documenter is a great introduction and reference documentation to using Hibernate. The book is organized in such a way that the concepts are explained in progressive order from very simple to more complex, and the authors take good care of explaining every detail with good examples, but most importantly with the reasoning behind what the problem are we are trying to solve and why Hibernate chose to implement the solution in this or that way.

"The book not only gets you up to speed with Hibernate and its features (which the documentation does quite well). It also introduces you to the right way of developing and tuning an industrial-quality Hibernate application."
-- Slashdot.org

"A compact (408 pages), focused, no nonsense read and an essential resource for anyone venturing into the ORM landscape. The first three chapters of this book alone are indespensible for developers that want to quickly build an application leveraging Hibernate, but more importantly really want to understand Hibernate concepts, framework, methodology and the reasons that shaped the framework design. The remaining chapters continue the comprehensive overview of Hibernate that include how to map to and persist objects, inheritance, transactions, concurrency, caching, retrieving objects efficiently using HQL, configuring Hibernate for managed and unmanaged environments, and the Hibernate Toolset that can be leveraged for several different development scenarios."
-- Columbia Java Users Group

"Hibernate In Action is an effective user's manual for the open-source Java tool of Hibernate, which has exploded in popularity due to its automation of a tedious task: persisting Java objects to a relational database, a task made laborious by the necessity of having to write code that maps one's object-oriented code to a relational database or vice-versa. Hibernate In Action explains the basic workings of Hibernate with examples, detailed instructions for using it, how to deal with concurrency and transactions, efficiently retrieving objects, caching, and much more. Diagrams and sample code further elucidate this no-nonsense, easy-to-follow guide highly recommended for anyone tapping into the streamlined power of Hibernate."
-- Midwest Book Review

"Not only gets you up to speed with Hibernate and its features...It also introduces you to the right way of developing and tuning an industrial-quality Hibernate application. ...albeit very technical, it reads astonishingly easy ...unfortunately very rare nowadays ...[an] excellent piece of work..."
-- Adrian Spinei at JavaLobby.com

"The authors show their knowledge of relational databases and the paradigm of mapping this world with the object-oriented world of Java. This is why the book is so good at explaining Hibernate in the context of solving or providing a solution to the very complex problem of object/relational mapping.

There are other books that came out around the same time as this book and others that are coming in the following months, but this book is a very complete introduction to using Hibernate and its architecture and will become an essential reading for all developers interested in learning Hibernate."
-- Denver JUG

Mar 16, 2006     Chris from Kentucky, USA
Dissapointing
It provides excellent coverage of the design problems that hibernate helps alleviate and to cause. It covers many aspects of hibernate. What it does not do is get you "In Action". I didn't find one piece of useable code in this book. It all has come from the hibernate website. I was hoping for a jumpstart in getting some code written and what I got was theory. The content wasn't bad in and of itself it just doesn't match its title. "Hibernate in Theory", "Hibernate In Overview" or maybe "An argument for Hibernate".

Oct 1, 2004     Ray Clough (ray@allthisisthat.com) from California
This book is terrific
I've learned more from this book than from almost any other 3 books I've read. Aside from learning about Hibernate, it gives a terrific overview of the problems involved in writing a persistence layer, and discusses the Object-Relational mismatch very clearly. Since preliminary reports are that EJB 3.0 is going to be pretty similar to Hibernate, it looks like learning Hibernate now is an excellent investment in time and effort. Of all the products I've seen, studied, or used, Hibernate is the one I wish I'd created, and this book shows clearly how to use it.

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