Inside Cisco IOS Software Architecture (Reprint of 2000 edition)
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An essential guide to understanding the Cisco IOS architecture
In-depth coverage of Cisco's IOS Software architecture provides crucial information
to:
• Prevent network problems and optimize performance through more efficient
design and configuration
• Isolate and resolve network problems more quickly and easily
• Apply the appropriate packet switching method, such as process switching,
fast switching, optimum switching, or Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
• Understand the hardware architecture, packet buffering, and packet switching
processes for shared memory routers (Cisco 1600, 2500, 3600, 4000, 4500, and
4700 series)
• Understand the hardware architecture, packet buffering, and packet switching
processes for the Cisco 7200 series routers
• Understand the hardware architecture, packet buffering, and packet switching
processes for the Cisco 7500 series routers
• Understand the hardware architecture, packet buffering, and packet switching
processes for the Cisco GSR 12000 series routers
• Further your knowledge of how IOS Software implements Quality of Service (QoS)
Inside Cisco IOS Software Architecture offers crucial and hard-to-find information
on Cisco's Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Software. IOS Software provides
the means by which networking professionals configure and manage Cisco networking
devices. Beyond understanding the Cisco IOS command set, comprehending what
happens inside Cisco routers will help you as a network designer or engineer
to perform your job more effectively. By understanding the internal operations
of IOS Software, you will be able to take architectural considerations into
account when designing networks and isolate problems more easily when troubleshooting
networks. Inside Cisco IOS Software Architecture provides essential information
on the internal aspects of IOS Software at this level, and it is an invaluable
resource for better understanding the intricacies of IOS Software and how it
affects your network.
Inide Cisco IOS Software Architecture begins with an overview of operating
system concepts and the IOS Software infrastructure, including processes, memory
management, CPU scheduling, packet buffers, and device drivers, as well as a
discussion of packet switching architecture with detailed coverage of the various
platform-independent switching methods, including process switching, fast switching,
optimum switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF). The book then delves
into the intricate details of the design and operation of platform-specific
features, including the 1600, 2500, 4x00, 3600, 7200, 7500, and GSR Cisco routers.
Finally, an overview of IOS Quality of Service (QoS) is provided, including
descriptions of several QoS methods, such as priority queuing, custom queuing,
weighted fair queuing, and modified deficit round robin.
Table of Contents
1. Fundamental IOS Software Architecture 2
Operating Systems Basics. CPU Resource Management and Multitasking. Memory
Resource Management. Interrupts. IOS Architecture Overview. Memory Organization.
Memory Pools. IOS Processes. Process Life Cycle. IOS Process Priorities. Process
Examples. IOS Kernel. The Scheduler. The Memory Manager. Packet Buffer Management.
System Buffers. Device Drivers. Summary.
2. Packet Switching Architecture.
Routing 101: Process Switching. Traffic Load Sharing with Process Switching.
Disadvantages of Process Switching. Fast Switching: Caching to the Rescue. Fast
Cache Organization. Maintaining the Cache. Traffic Load Sharing Considerations
with Fast Switching. Optimum Switching. Cisco Express Forwarding. How CEF Works.
Traffic Load Sharing with CEF. Summary.
3.Shared Memory Routers.
Hardware Architecture for Shared Memory Routers. CPU. Memory. Interface Controllers.
Packet Buffers for Shared Memory Routers. Private Buffer Pools. Receive Rings
and Transmit Rings. Packet Switching on a Shared Memory Router. Receiving the
Packet. Switching the Packet. Transmitting the Packet. Summary.
4. Early Cbus Routers.
AGS+ Hardware Architecture. Packet Switching with the Cbus. Autonomous Switching.
Cbus Fast Packet Memory. The Cisco 7000 Series Router. Summary.
5. Particle-Based Systems.
Buffer Management Using Particles. Particle Pools. Particle Coalescing. The
Cisco 7200 Series Routers. Hardware Architecture. Memory. Packet Switching on
the Cisco 7200 Series Routers. Packet Receive Stage. Packet Switching Stage.
Packet Transmit Stage. Summary.
6. Cisco 7500 Routers.
Hardware Architecture of the Cisco 7500 Router. The Data Bus. Route Switch
Processor. Packet Switching on the Cisco 7500 Router. RSP Switching: Receiving
the Packet. RSP Switching: Switching the Packet. RSP Switching: Transmitting
the Packet. VIP Architecture. VIP Components. VIP Models. VIP Packet Operations:
Distributed Switching. VIP Receive Side Buffering. Troubleshooting Tips for
the Cisco 7500 Router. High CPU Utilization. Input Drops. Ignores. Output Drops.
Summary.
7. The Cisco Gigabit Switch Router: 12000.
Hardware Architecture. Switching Fabric. Maintenance Bus. Gigabit Route Processor.
Line Card. Packet Switching. Packet Switching: Engine 0 and Engine 1. Packet
Switching: Engine 2 LC. Packet Switching: Switching Cells across Fabric. Packet
Switching: Transmitting Packets. Summary.
8. Quality of Service.
QoS Overview. Congestion Management. Congestion Avoidance. Priority Queuing.
Configuring and Monitoring Priority Queuing. Custom Queuing. Weighted Fair Queuing.
Platform-Independent WFQ. Configuring and Monitoring WFQ. Distributed Weighted
Fair Queuing. Modified Deficit Round Robin. Configuration of MDRR. Weighted
Random Early Detection. Configuration and Monitoring of WRED. Selective Packet
Discard. Other QoS Features. Summary.
9. NetFlow Switching 200.
Flow Cache Maintenance. Flow Export. Router-Based Flow Aggregation Export (RBA).
Index.
About the Author
Russ White, CCIE No. 2635, is a member of the Routing Protocol Design and Architecture
Team at Cisco Systems. He is a member of the IETF Routing Area Directorate,
a regular speaker at Cisco Networkers, and the coauthor of six other books in
routing and routing protocols, including Optimal Routing Design, from Cisco
Press.
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