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OSPF Network Design Solutions View Larger Image | Tom Thomas
Cisco Press, Hardcover, 2nd edition, Published April 2003, 747 pages, ISBN 1587050323 | List Price: $60.00
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The comprehensive reference for OSPF network design and deployment
- Understand the full dynamics of OSPF network components, how they interact
with one another, and how to configure them
- Increase the efficiency of your OSPF network through a variety of performance
tuning techniques
- Apply load balancing to enhance OSPF's capability to adapt to network topology
changes
- Ensure seamless communication between OSPF and other Interior Gateway Protocols
(IGPs) and OSPF and BGP through redistribution
- Optimize network stability and efficiency with OSPF summarization
- Maximize your ability to properly manage an ever-changing OSPF network landscape
through Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Management Information
Bases (MIBs)
- Develop a practiced, tested security plan to protect your OSPF network
- Optimize the efficiency and bandwidth of your OSPF network through the integration
of MPLS
- Complete your basic OSPF knowledge gaps with a boiled down summary of the
OSPF RFCs
One of the most prevalent Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), OSPF is in use
in numerous networks across the globe. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is also
one of the most widely tested protocols if you choose to pursue a networking
certification. From a technical perspective, the overwhelming presence of OSPF
ensures that you will encounter it at some point in your career. As a result,
every networking professional should understand how OSPF operates, how to configure
and troubleshoot this important protocol, and most importantly how to design
a network that uses OSPF.
OSPF Network Design Solutions, Second Edition provides comprehensive
coverage of OSPF network design, deployment, management, and troubleshooting.
The book begins in Part I by providing you with a common-sense understanding
of the primary building blocks of internetworking, and follows up with a detailed
examination of how OSPF fits into the big picture. You will also learn how OSPF
neighboring routers communicate with one another via link-state advertisements
(LSAs) and how to optimize this communication for network efficiency. Part II
begins with a detailed explanation of how to apply the "golden rules of design"
to create an optimal OSPF network and follows up with a logical approach to
configuring OSPF routers and areas. Part II concludes with hard-to-find information
about how to redistribute RIP into OSPF and OSPF into BGP as well as how to
make your OSPF network more efficient through summarization. Part III provides
you with detailed information about how to keep pace with network growth through
tested network management tools and techniques. Furthermore, you will learn
how to secure your OSPF network from inside and outside attackers and how to
troubleshoot your network should problems arise. Part III concludes with timely
information about how to accommodate BGP and MPLS in an OSPF network.
Thomas M. Thomas II, CCIE(r) No. 9360, is a certified Cisco Systems(r)
instructor, holds CCNP(r), CCDA(r), and CCNA(r) certifications, and claims he
never works because he loves what he does. Tom is the founder of NetCerts.com
(now CCPrep.com) and the International Network Resource Group (www.inrgi.net),
where he remains on the board of directors in an advisory capacity providing
vision and focus. He was previously an instructor for Chesapeake Computer Consultants,
Inc. (CCCI) and a course developer for Cisco Systems. Tom is currently working
as a senior network consultant designing and implementing voice-over-IP and
managed data networks wherever he can as a part of the U.S. Networks team (www.usnetworksinc.com).
Author Bio
Thomas M. Thomas II, CCIE(r) No. 9360, is a certified Cisco Systems(r)
instructor, holds CCNP(r), CCDA(r), and CCNA(r) certifications, and claims he
never works because he loves what he does. Tom is the founder of NetCerts.com
(now CCPrep.com) and the International Network Resource Group (www.inrgi.net),
where he remains on the board of directors in an advisory capacity providing
vision and focus. He was previously an instructor for Chesapeake Computer Consultants,
Inc. (CCCI) and a course developer for Cisco Systems. Tom is currently working
as a senior network consultant designing and implementing voice-over-IP and
managed data networks wherever he can as a part of the U.S. Networks team (www.usnetworksinc.com).
Table of
Contents
I. OSPF FUNDAMENTALS AND COMMUNICATION.
1. Networking and Routing Fundamentals.
Foundations of Networking. Why Was the OSI
Reference Model Needed? Characteristics of the OSI Layers. Understanding the
Seven Layers of the OSI Reference Model. Upper Layers. Layer 7—Application.
Layer 6—Presentation. Layer 5—Session. Lower Layers. Layer 4—Transport.
Layer 3—Network. Layer 2—Data Link. Layer 1—Physical. OSI
Reference Model Layers and Information Exchange. Headers, Trailers, and Data.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite. TCP/IP Functions. TCP Overview. IP Overview. Types
of Network Topologies. Local-Area Networks. Wide-Area Networks. IP Addressing.
Class A Addresses. Class B Addresses. Class C Addresses. Class D Addresses.
Class E Addresses. How IP Addresses Are Used. Role of IP Addresses. How IP
Addresses Are Read. IP Subnet Addressing. Subnet Masking. Subnetting Restrictions.
Explaining the Need for VLSM and CIDR. Route Summarization. Classful Routing.
Impact of Classful Routing. Classless Routing. VLSMs. VLSM Design Guidelines
and Techniques. CIDR. Validating a CIDRized Network. What Do Those Slashes
Mean? Important CIDR Terms. IP Classless. CIDR Translation Table. Manually
Computing the Value of a CIDR IP Prefix. Case Study: VLSMs. Route Aggregation.
Summary.
2. Introduction to OSPF.
What Is a Routing Protocol? Basic Routing
Protocol Operation. Link-State Versus Distance Vector Routing Protocols. Link-State
Routing Protocols. OSPF Characteristics. Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System. Distance Vector Routing Protocols. Routing Information Protocol Characteristics.
Conclusion. Selecting a Routing Protocol. Operational Considerations. Protocols
Supported. Routing Hierarchies. IP Address Management. IP Encapsulation Support.
Available Resources. Technical Considerations. Fast Convergence. Routing Updates.
VLSM and CIDR Support. Load Sharing. Metrics. Scalability. Physical Media
Support. Extensibility. Business Considerations. Standards. Multivendor Environments.
Proven Technology. SPF Overview. SPF in Operation. SPF Functions. Full and
Partial SPF Calculations. Verifying SPF Operation. OSPF Routing Hierarchy.
Hierarchical Network Design Techniques. Routing Types Within an OSPF Network.
Intra-Area Routing. Inter-Area Routing. External Routes. OSPF Areas. Characteristics
of a Standard OSPF Area. Standard Area Design Rules. Area 0: The OSPF Backbone
Area. Stub Areas. Not-So-Stubby Areas. OSPF Operational Environment. Types
of OSPF Routers. Internal Routers. Area Border Routers. Autonomous System
Boundary Routers. Backbone Routers. OSPF Network Types. Router Identification.
Neighbors. Adjacencies. Neighbor Versus Adjacent OSPF Routers. Designated
Routers. Case Study: Adding a New OSPF Router to a Network. Case Study: Developing
the Link-State Database. Case Study: OSPF Network Evolution and Convergence.
Configuring Loopback Interfaces. Enabling OSPF. Verifying OSPF Operation.
Summary.
3. OSPF Communication.
Link-State Advertisements. Types of LSAs.
Type 1: Router LSAs. Type 2: Network LSAs. Type 3: ABR Summary LSAs. Type
4: ASBR Summary LSAs. Type 5: Autonomous System External LSAs. Type 7: Not-So-Stubby
Area LSAs. Type 9: Opaque LSA: Link-Local Scope. Type 10: Opaque LSA: Area-Local
Scope. Type 11: Opaque LSA: Autonomous System Scope. LSA Operation Example.
Link-State Database Synchronization. Speaking OSPF. Types of OSPF Packets.
Hello Process/Protocol. Hello Protocol Operational Variations. Hello Protocol
Packet Format. Exchange Process/Protocol. Flooding Process/Protocol. Manipulating
LSAs. Understanding LSA Group Pacing. How to Configure LSA Group Pacing. Understanding
OSPF Packet Pacing. Blocking LSA Flooding. Ignoring MOSPF LSA Packets. Altering
LSA Retransmissions. Altering LSA Transmission Delay. Detailed Neighbor Establishment.
Hello Protocol State Changes. Database Exchange State Changes. Case Study:
OSPF Initialization. Case Study: Troubleshooting Neighbor Problems. Neighbor
Stuck in Init STATE. Neighbor Stuck in Exstart/Exchange State. What?s the
Solution? Neighbor Stuck in 2-Way State. Summary.
II. OSPF ROUTING AND NETWORK DESIGN.
4. Design Fundamentals.
OSPF Design Guidelines. OSPF Design Goals.
Functionality. Scalability. Adaptability. Manageability. Cost Effectiveness.
OSPF Network Design Methodology. Step 1: Analyze the Requirements. OSPF Deployment.
Load Balancing with OSPF. OSPF Convergence. Step 2: Develop the Network Topology.
Fully Meshed Topology. Hierarchical Topology. OSPF Backbone Design in the
Hierarchical Model. Area Design in the Hierarchical Model. Using a Stub Area.
Example of an OSPF Network with a Hierarchical Structure. Step 3: Determine
the Addressing and Naming Conventions. Public or Private Address Space. Plan
Now for OSPF Summarization. Bit Splitting (Borrowing Bits). Map OSPF Addresses
for VLSM. Discontiguous Subnets. Naming Schemes. Step 4: Provision the Hardware.
Step 5: Deploy Protocol and Cisco IOS Software Features. OSPF Features. Cisco
IOS Software Features. Step 6: Implement, Monitor, and Manage the Network.
OSPF Network Scalability. OSPF Network Topology. Area Sizing. Determining
the Number of Areas per ABR. Determining the Number of Areas per Router. Determining
the Number of Neighbors per Router. Selecting the Designated Router. Fully
Meshed Versus Partially Meshed Network Topology. Link-State Database Size
Considerations. Determining Router Memory Requirements. Router CPU Requirements.
Bandwidth Usage. OSPF Security. Area Design Considerations. Area Design Overview.
Considering Physical Proximity. Reducing the Area Size if Links Are Unstable
. Ensuring Contiguous Areas. Using Tunable OSPF Parameters. Naming an Area.
Standard Area Design. Golden Rules of Standard Area Design. Backbone Area
Design. Backbone Design Golden Rules. Stub Area Design. Stub Area Design Golden
Rules. Stub Area Configuration. Totally Stubby Areas. Not-So-Stubby Areas.
NSSA Implementation Considerations. OSPF Virtual Links: Bane or Benefit? Mending
a Partitioned Area 0. Ensuring a Connection to Area 0. Golden Rules of Virtual
Link Design. Virtual Link Configuration Example. OSPF Design Tools. Altering
Neighbor Cost. Configuring a Neighbor?s Cost on Point-to-Multipoint Broadcast
Networks. Configuring an Interface as Point-to-Multipoint Nonbroadcast. Configuring
Route Calculation Timers. Suppressing OSPF Updates. Summary. Case Studies.
Case Study: Understanding Subinterfaces. Point-to-Point Subinterfaces. Multipoint
Subinterfaces. Case Study: Point-to-Multipoint Link Networks. Router Configuration
Examples. Case Study Conclusion. Case Study: Designing an OSPF Network. New
WAN Requirements. Determining the Frame Relay PVC Architecture. Determining
Multiprotocol Support. Determining the Traffic Flow. Determining the Number
of Routers. Determining the IP Addressing Scheme. Determining Internet Connectivity.
Determining Enterprise Routing Policies. Establishing Security Concerns. Implementing
Your Design. IP Addressing. OSPF Area Organization. Specifying the OSPF Network
Type. Implementing Authentication. Configuring Link Cost. Tuning OSPF Timers.
Strategizing Route Redistribution.
5. Routing Concepts and Configuration.
OSPF Routing Concepts. OSPF Cost. ip cost
Interface Command. Changing the Reference Bandwidth. Altering OSPF Convergence.
Hello Timers. Dead Timers. SPF Timers. Setting the Router ID. Loopback Interfaces.
Configuring a Loopback Interface. Routing Loopback Interfaces. Configuring
the Designated Router. Route Types. Which Is Better—E1 or E2 Routes?
Controlling Inter-Area Traffic. Configuring OSPF. Activating OSPF. network
Command. OSPF Router Considerations. ABR Considerations. ASBR Considerations.
Backbone Router Considerations. Different Network Types and OSPF. Configuring
the Network Type. Broadcast Networks. Nonbroadcast Networks. Point-to-Multipoint
Networks. Point-to-Point Networks. Area Configuration. Normal Area Configuration.
Stub Area Configuration. Totally Stubby Area Configuration. Not-So-Stubby-Area
(NSSA) Configuration. area default-cost Command. Area Range. Tuning OSPF Operation.
Altering OSPF Administrative Distance. Load Balancing. Default Routes. Passive
Interfaces. On-Demand Circuits. Implementation Considerations. On-Demand Configuration
Examples. On-Demand Circuits Summary. Summary. Case Study: Assigning Unique
Network Numbers to Each OSPF Area. Case Study: OSPF with Multiple Areas. Case
Study: OSPF with Stub and Totally Stubby Areas.
6. Redistribution.
OSPF Redistribution. Administrative Distance
and Metrics. Redistribution Golden Rules. Redistribution Configuration. External
Routes. Default Routes. default-information originate Command. Assigning Metrics
for Redistributed Protocols. Using the redistribute Command to Assign a Metric.
Using the default-metric Command to Assign a Metric. Configuration Example
1: Setting the Default Metric for Redistributed Routes. Route Tagging. Mutual
Redistribution. Distribute List Concerns. Avoiding Redistribution Loops. Route
Maps. Configuration Example 2: RIP and OSPF. Configuring the RIP Network.
Adding OSPF to the Center of a RIP Network. Adding OSPF Areas. What If Mutual
Redistribution Were Required? Configuration Example 3: Redistributing Connected
and Loopback Interfaces. Configuration Example 4: Redistributing OSPF and
EIGRP. OSPF and EIGRP Mutual Redistribution. Using Route Maps to Protect Against
Routing Loops. Using Route Tagging to Protect Against Routing Loops. Configuration
Example 5: Redistributing OSPF and RIP and Tagging Routes. OSPF and RIP Mutual
Redistribution. Redistributing into OSPF with Route Tagging. Configuration
Example 6: Controlling Redistribution. Altering Link Cost. Altering Routes.
Filtering Routes. Distribute Lists and OSPF. Chapter Summary.
7. Summarization with OSPF.
Summarization with OSPF. Benefits of Summarization.
Summarization Golden Rules. Troubleshooting Summarization. Types of OSPF Summarization.
Summarize Area Routes. Summarize External Routes. Summarizations Effect on
the Routing Table. Configuration Example 3: Subnetting with Summarization.
Alternative Area Summarization Example. Using Private Addressing to Summarize?
Configuration Example4: Using VLSM with Summarization. Summary. Final Router
Example Configurations.
III. OSPF IMPLEMENTATION, TROUBLESHOOTING, AND MANAGEMENT.
8. Managing and Securing OSPF Networks.
Network Management. Network Management Tools.
CiscoView. CiscoWorks. Cisco ConfigMaker. Simple Network Management Protocol.
Introduction to SNMP. Network Management System. Agents. Managed Devices.
Management Information Base Overview. SNMP Operation. SNMP Operation Definitions.
Network Management System Operation. Agent Response to NMS Request. Cisco?s
MIB Extensions+. Access Lists for SNMP. Multiple Community Strings. OSPF MIBs.
Network Security. Assessing the Need for Security. Golden Rules for Designing
a Secure Network. Document Your Security Plan. Know Your Enemy. Count the
Cost. Identify Your Assumptions. Control and Limit Your Secrets. Remember
Human Factors. Know Your Weaknesses. Limit the Scope of Access. Understand
Your Environment. Limit Your Trust. Remember Physical Security. Security Is
Pervasive. Additional Resources on Network Security. Securing Your OSPF Network.
OSPF and Network Devices. Cisco IOS Password Encryption. Network Impact: User
Passwords (vty and Enable). Increasing SNMP Security. Network Data Encryption.
OSPF Authentication. Benefits of OSPF Neighbor Authentication. When to Deploy
OSPF Neighbor Authentication. How OSPF Authentication Works. Configuring OSPF
Authentication in an Area. Configuring OSPF Authentication on a Virtual Link.
Changing the Virtual Link Password. Restricting Access to Network Devices.
Controlling Access to Network Equipment. Terminal Access Controller Access
Control System. Nonprivileged Access. Privileged Access. Privilege Level Security.
Access Lists to Restrict Access. User Authentication to Restrict Access. Summary.
Case Study: IOS Secure Template. Case Study: Router and Firewall Deployment.
Defending Against Attacks Directly to Network Devices. Controlling Traffic
Flow. Configuring the Firewall Router. Defining Firewall Access Lists. Applying
Access Lists to Interfaces. Configuring the Communication Server. Defining
the Communication Server?s Access Lists. Applying Access Lists to Lines. Spoofing
and Inbound Access Lists. Additional Firewall Security Considerations. File
Transfer Protocol Port.
9. Troubleshooting OSPF.
The Mechanics of Troubleshooting OSPF. Preparing
for Network Failure. Troubleshooting Methodology. Step 1: Clearly Define the
Problem. Step 2: Gather Facts. Step 3: Consider Possible Problems. Step 4:
Create an Action Plan. Step 5: Implement the Action Plan. Step 6: Gather Results.
Step 7: Reiterate the Process. Determining That OSPF Is Operating Properly.
Monitoring the Operation of OSPF. Configuring Lookup of DNS Names. System
Logging (SYSLOG). Configuring SYSLOG. Logging OSPF Neighbor Changes. OSPF
Troubleshooting Commands. show ip ospf Command. show ip ospf process-id Command.
show ip ospf interface Command. show ip ospf border-routers Command. show
ip ospf database Command. show ip ospf database asbr-summary Command. show
ip ospf database database-summary Command. show ip ospf database external
Command. show ip ospf database network Command. show ip ospf database router
Command. show ip ospf database summary Command. show ip ospf delete Command
(Hidden). show ip ospf events Command (Hidden). show ip ospf flood-list Command.
show ip ospf maxage-list Command (Hidden). show ip ospf neighbor Command.
show ip ospf neighbor ip address Command. show ip ospf neighbor int ip-address
Command. show ip ospf neighbor detail Command. show ip ospf virtual-links
Command. show ip ospf stat Command (Hidden). show ip ospf summary-address
Command. clear ip ospf Command. clear ip ospf counters Command. clear ip ospf
process Command. clear ip ospf redistribution Command. OSPF debug Commands.
When to Use debug Commands. How to Use debug Commands. Timestamping debug
Output. Complete OSPF debug Commands. debug ip ospf adjacency Command. debug
ip ospf events Command. debug ip ospf flood Command. debug ip ospf hello Command.
debug ip ospf lsa-generation Command. debug ip ospf monitor Command (Hidden).
debug ip ospf packet Command. debug ip ospf retransmission Command. debug
ip ospf spf Command. debug ip routing Command. Summary. Case Study: In the
Trenches with OSPF. Problem No. 1. Step 1: Define the Problem. Step 2: Gather
Facts. Step 3: Consider Possible Problems. Step 4: Create an Action Plan.
Step 5: Implement the Action Plan. Step 6: Gather Results. Step 7: Reiterate
the Process, If Needed, in Steps 4?7. Step 4: Create a New Action Plan. Step
5: Implement the New Action Plan. Step 6 Revisited: Gather Results. Step 7:
Reiterate Steps 4?6. Step 6 Visited Again: Gather Results. Problem #2: Performance
Issues. Step 1: Define the Problem. Step 2: Gather Facts. Step 4: Create an
Action Plan. Step 5: Implement the Action Plan. Step 6: Gather Results. Case
Study Conclusion and Design Tips. Case Study: OSPF Issues and Teasers. OSPF
Error Messages. What Do %OSPF-4-ERRRCV Error Messages Mean? What Does the
Adv router not-reachable Error Message Mean? OSPF Is Having Neighbor and Adjacency
Problems. OSPF Stuck in INIT. OSPF Stuck in EXSTART/EXCHANGE. OSPF Stuck in
LOADING. OSPF Stuck in TWO-WAY. OSPF Routes Missing from Routing Table. OSPF
Routes Are in the Database but Not in the Routing Table. Miscellaneous Known
OSPF Issues. Why Doesn?t My Cisco 1600 Router Recognize the OSPF Protocol?
Why Doesn?t My Cisco 800 Router Run OSPF. Why Is the ip ospf interface-retry
0 Configuration Command Added to All Interfaces? How Do I Produce a Stable
OSPF Network with Serial Links Flapping? OSPF Routing Issues.
10. BGP and MPLS in an OSPF Network.
Review of Interior Gateway Protocols and Exterior
Gateway Protocols. Role of IGPs and EGPs in a Network. Introduction to BGP.
Characteristic Overview of BGP. Operational Overview of BGP. Preventing Routing
Loops. Types of BGP. BGP and OSPF Interaction. Routing Dependencies and Synchronization.
Synchronization Is Good. Synchronization Is Bad. Next-Hop Reachability. Redistributing
OSPF into BGP. Redistributing OSPF Internal (Intra- and Inter-Area) Routes
into BGP. Redistributing OSPF External (Type 1 and 2) Routes into BGP. Redistributing
Both Internal and External Routes into BGP. Redistributing OSPF NSSA-External
Routes into BGP. Conclusions About BGP. Case Study: BGP. Problem Description.
MPLS and OSPF. Background of MPLS. What Is the Benefit of MPLS? Why Not IP
Routing or ATM Switching? Conventional Best Effort Routing. MPLS Overview.
Label Structure. Label Placement. MPLS Addresses Traffic Engineering. Looking
up the Label Path. Configuring OSPF and MPLS. Configuring MPLS. Verifying
OSPF and MPLS Operation. Summary.
IV. ADDITIONAL OSPF RESOURCES.
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