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Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols
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Radia Perlman
Addison-Wesley, Hardcover, 2nd edition, Published September 1999, 537 pages, ISBN 0201634481
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Radia Perlman's Interconnections is recognized as a leading text on networking theory and practice. It provides authoritative and comprehensive information on general networking concepts, routing algorithms and protocols, addressing, and the mechanics of bridges, routers, switches, and hubs. This Second Edition is expanded and updated to cover the newest developments in the field, including advances in switching and bridge technology, VLANs, Fast Ethernet, DHCP, ATM, and IPv6. Additional new topics include IPX, AppleTalk, and DECnet. You will gain a deeper understanding of the range of solutions possible and find valuable information on protocols for which documentation is not readily available elsewhere.

Written by the inventor of many of the algorithms that make switching and routing robust and efficient, Interconnections, Second Edition offers an expert's insight into how and why networks operate as they do. Perlman describes all of the major networking algorithms and protocols in use today in clear and concise terms, while exploring the engineering trade-offs that the different approaches represent.

The book contains extensive coverage of such topics as:

  • The spanning tree algorithm
  • The differences between bridges, routers, and switches
  • Virtual LANs (VLANs) and Fast Ethernet
  • Addressing and packet formats for IP, IPv6, IPX, CLNP, AppleTalk, and DECnet
  • Autoconfiguration of addresses; strategies in various protocol suites
  • Routing protocols, including RIP, IS-IS, OSPF, PNNI, NLSP, and BGP
  • Layer 3 multicast protocols, including IGMP, DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, BGMP, Simple Multicast, and Express
  • Sabotage-proof routing
  • Protocol design folklore


Table of Contents

Preface xi
Roadmap to the Book xii
Acknowledgments xii

Chapter 1 Essential Networking Concepts 1

1.1 Layers 1
1.2 Service Models 7
1.3 Important Properties of a Network 9
1.4 Reliable Data Transfer Protocols 12

Chapter 2 Data Link Layer Issues 19

2.1 Generic LANs 19
2.2 IEEE 802 LANs 22
2.3 Names, Addresses, Routes 23
2.4 LAN Addresses 25
2.5 Multicast versus Unicast Addresses 27
2.6 The Broadcast Address 28
2.7 Multiplexing Field 29
2.8 Bit Order 32
2.9 Logical Link Control 34
2.10 Issues in 802.3 35
2.11 Issues in 802.5 38
2.12 Packet Bursts 40
2.13 Reasons for Bridges 40
2.14 Point-to-Point Links 41

Chapter 3 Transparent Bridges 45

3.1 The No-Frills Bridge 45
3.2 The Learning Bridge 47
3.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm 58
3.4 Spanning Tree Algorithm Refinements 63
3.5 Bridge Message Formats 77
3.6 Other Bridge Issues 79
3.7 Remote Bridges 87

Chapter 4 Source Routing Bridges 95

4.1 Pure Source Routing 96
4.2 SR-TB Bridges 104
4.3 SRT Bridges 108
4.4 End-system Algorithms 109
4.5 Source Routing versus Transparent Bridging 116
4.6 Ideas for Improving Source Route Bridging 119

Chapter 5 Hubs, Switches, Virtual LANs, and Fast Ethernet 127

5.1 Hubs 127
5.2 Faster LANs 132
5.3 Virtual LANs (VLANs) 134

Chapter 6 Network Interface: Service Models 145

6.1 What Is the Network Layer? 145
6.2 Network Service Types 146

Chapter 7 Connection-oriented Nets: X.25 and ATM 153

7.1 Generic Connection-oriented Network 153
7.2 X.25: Reliable Connection-oriented Service 155
7.3 Implementing X.25 Inside the Net 167
7.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 168

Chapter 8 Generic Connectionless Service 179

8.1 Data Transfer 179
8.2 Addresses 180
8.3 Hop Count 180
8.4 Service Class Information 181
8.5 Network Feedback 183
8.6 Fragmentation and Reassembly 183
8.7 Maximum Packet Size Discovery 185

Chapter 9 Network Layer Addresses 189

9.1 Hierarchical Addresses with Fixed Boundaries 190
9.2 Hierarchical Addresses with Flexible Boundaries 192
9.3 Owning versus Renting Addresses 193
9.4 Types of Addresses 194
9.5 IP 194
9.6 IPX 199
9.7 IPX+ 203
9.8 IPv6 204
9.9 CLNP Network Layer Addresses 211
9.10 AppleTalk Network Layer Addresses 215
9.11 DECnet Phases III and IV 216
9.12 NAT/NAPT 218

Chapter 10 Connectionless Data Packet Formats 221

10.1 Pieces of a Connectionless Network Layer 221
10.2 Data Packets 222
10.3 Summary of Packet Formats for Easy Reference 222
10.4 Technical Issues and Comparisons in Data Packet Formats 230
10.5 Source Routing 250
10.6 The Great IPX Frame Format Mystery 253
10.7 Error Reports and Other Network Feedback to the Endnode 256

Chapter 11 Neighbor Greeting and Autoconfiguration 265

11.1 Endnodes Attached via Point-to-Point Links 266
11.2 Endnodes Attached via LANs 267
11.3 Endnodes Attached via Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Media 284
11.4 Finding Things 293

Chapter 12 Routing Algorithm Concepts 299

12.1 Distance Vector Routing 299
12.2 Link State Routing 307
12.3 Comparison of Link State and Distance Vector Routing 320
12.4 Load Splitting 325
12.5 Link Costs 326
12.6 Migrating Routing Algorithms 328
12.7 LANs 331
12.8 Types of Service 334
12.9 Partition Repair: Level 1 Subnetwork Partition 341

Chapter 13 Fast Packet Forwarding 347

13.1 Using an Additional Header 347
13.2 Address Prefix Matching 348
13.3 Longest Prefix Match with Trie 350
13.4 Binary Search 361

Chapter 14 Specific Routing Protocols 367

14.1 A Brief History of Intradomain Routing Protocols 367
14.2 RIP 369
14.3 RTMP, IPX-RIP, and DECnet 372
14.4 IS-IS, OSPF, NLSP, and PNNI 373
14.5 Interdomain Routing Protocols 425

Chapter 15 WAN Multicast 449

15.1 Introduction 449
15.2 Multicast in IP 453

Chapter 16 Sabotage-proof Routing 479

16.1 The Problem 480
16.2 All You Need to Know about Cryptography 480
16.3 Overview of the Approach 482
16.4 Detailed Description of the Approach 484
16.5 Summary 491
16.6 For Further Reading 491

Chapter 17 To Route, Bridge, or Switch: Is That the Question? 493

17.1 Switches 493
17.2 Bridges versus Routers 493
17.3 Extensions to Bridges 496
17.4 Extensions to Routers 498

Chapter 18 Protocol Design Folklore 503

18.1 Simplicity versus Flexibility versus Optimality 503
18.2 Knowing the Problem You're Trying to Solve 505
18.3 Overhead and Scaling 506
18.4 Operation Above Capacity 506
18.5 Compact IDs versus Object Identifiers 507
18.6 Optimizing for the Most Common or Important Case 507
18.7 Forward Compatibility 508
18.8 Migration: Routing Algorithms and Addressing 513
18.9 Parameters 514
18.10 Making Multiprotocol Operation Possible 517
18.11 Running over Layer 3 versus Layer 2 518
18.12 Robustness 519
18.13 Determinism versus Stability 520
18.14 Performance for Correctness 521
18.15 In Closing 521
Glossary 523
Index 533

Customer Reviews

Customer Reviews: 4     Average Customer Rating:

Jan 12, 2004     Daniele Milan from Italy
Simply the best!
This book is the best source of information about routing! You can't be wrong with this one ... reading it is a pleasure, Radia explains it all with terrific clarity and completeness. A must for every programmer who have to deal with networks, and a very good reference also. An artwork!

May 11, 2003     A review from los angeles
one of the best!
I can't emphasize how well written this book is. I've really enjoyed reading it and wish perlman would write another book!

to sum up this book, it describes networking from a fundamental 'why' and 'how come' approach. its not meant to pass a certification, but rather to really learn the subject of networking. great book!

Jul 7, 2002     Jay Etchings CCNP, MCSE from Las Vegas
This book is a must have in your Library!
Radia Perlman has a unique ability to deliver content that otherwise could be beyond dull in a manner that is not only interesting but humorous.

Interconnections is the most in depth text on bridging techniques and routing and switching algorithms written to date.

Perlman is the architect of the spanning tree algorithm. She has insight to political issues regarding standards bodies that will inspire you to think far beyond routing and switching.

I read many books and then trade or sell them off used. This book however will own a permanent place in my collection. If you are a candidate for the CCNP or CCIE and do not have this book, BUY IT NOW! You will thank me later.

Apr 13, 2002     Reader From CA... from Bayarea, CA
Best book on interconnections
You don't have to read 100+ pages of RFCs or ISO documents. This book captures the crux in depth with all garbage left out. In essence this is the best book I have ever read. Great book covering both bridges and routers. Especially the spanning tree algo and realted description, routing algo and design and development of Link State routing is great.

Radia perlamn is great. You will love this book for her knowledge in both bridging and IS-Is routing area, after all she played a great role in development of both of these.



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