A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming View Larger Image | Mark G. Sobell Prentice Hall, Paperback, Published July 2005, 965 pages, ISBN 0131478230 | List Price: $49.99 Our Price: $27.25 You Save: $22.74 (45% Off)
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Chapter 5: The Shell
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The essential reference for core commands that Linux users need daily,
along with superior tutorial on shell programming and much moreSystem administrators,
software developers, quality assurance engineers and others
working on a Linux system need to work from the command line in order to
be effective. Linux is famous for its huge number of command line
utility programs, and the programs themselves are famous for their large
numbers of options, switches, and configuration files. But the
truth is that users will only use a limited (but still significant)
number of these utilities on a recurring basis, and then only with a subset
of the most important and useful options, switches and configuration files.
This book cuts through all the noise and shows them which utilities are
most useful, and which options most important. And it contains examples,
lot's and lot's of examples. This is not just a reprint of the man
pages.
And Linux is also famous for its "programmability." Utilities are
designed, by default, to work wtih other utilities within shell programs
as a way of automating system tasks. This book contains a superb introduction
to Linux shell programming. And since shell programmers need to write
their programs in text editors, this book covers the two most popular ones:
vi and emacs.
Preface
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming
explains how to work with the Linux operating system from the command
line. The first few chapters quickly bring readers with little computer
experience up to speed. The rest of the book is appropriate for more experienced
computer users. This book does not describe a particular release or distribution
of Linux but rather pertains to all recent versions of Linux.
Command line interface (CLI). In the beginning there
was the command line (textual) interface (CLI), which enabled you to give
Linux commands from the command line. There was no mouse or icons to drag
and drop. Some programs, such as emacs , implemented rudimentary windows
using the very minimal graphics available in the ASCII character set. Reverse
video helped separate areas of the screen. Linux was born and raised in
this environment.
Naturally all of the original Linux tools were invoked from the command
line. The real power of Linux still lies in this environment, which explains
why many Linux professionals work exclusively from the command
line. Using clear descriptions and lots of examples, this book shows you
how to get the most out of your Linux system using the command line interface.
Linux distributions. A Linux distribution comprises the
Linux kernel, utilities, and application programs. Many distributions are
available, including Debian, Red Hat, Fedora Core, SUSE, Mandriva (formerly
Mandrake), KNOPPIX, and Slackware. Although the distributions differ from
one another in various ways, all of them rely on the Linux kernel, utilities,
and applications. This book is based on the code that is common to most
distributions. As a consequence you can use it regardless of which distribution
you are running.
Overlap. If you read A Practical Guide to Red Hat
Linux,Second Edition: Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, or
a subsequent edition, you will notice some overlap between that book and
the one you are reading now. The introduction, the appendix on regular expressions,
and the chapters on the utilities (Chapter 3 of this book-- not
Part V), the filesystem, and programming tools are very similar in the two
books. The three chapters that cover the Bourne Again shell ( bash ) have
been expanded and rewritten for this text. Chapters that appear in this
book and but not in A Practical Guide to Red Hat Linux, Second Edition,
include those covering the vim and emacs editors, the TC Shell ( tcsh
), the gawk and sed languages, and Part V, which describes 80 of the most
useful Linux utility programs in detail.
Audience. This book is designed for a wide range of readers.
It does not require programming experience, although some experience using
a general-purpose computer is helpful. It is appropriate for the following
readers:
- Students taking a class in which they use Linux
- Power users who want to explore the power of Linux from command
line
- Professionals who use Linux at work
- System administrators who need a deeper understanding of Linux
and the tools that are available to them
- Computer science students who are studying the Linux operating
system
- Programmers who need to understand the Linux programming environment
- Technical executives who want to get a grounding in Linux
Benefits. A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors,
and Shell Programming gives you an in-depth understanding of how to
use Linux from the command line. Regardless of your background, it offers
the knowledge you need to get on with your work: You will come away from
this book understanding how to use Linux, and this text will remain a valuable
reference for years to come.
Table of Contents
Preface.
1. Welcome
to Linux.
The GNU-Linux Connection
The Heritage of Linux: UNIX
What Is So Good About Linux?
Overview of Linux
Additional Features of Linux
Chapter Summary
Exercises
I. THE
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM.
2. Getting
Started.
Conventions Used in This Book
Logging In
Working with the Shell
Curbing Your Power: Superuser Access
Getting the Facts: Where to Find Documentation
More About Logging In
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
3. Command
Line Utilities.
Special Characters
Basic Utilities
Working with Files
| (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes
Four More Utilities
Compressing and Archiving Files
Locating Commands
Obtaining User and System Information
Communicating with Other Users
Email
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
4. The
Linux Filesystem.
The Hierarchical Filesystem
Directory and Ordinary Files
Working with Directories
Access Permissions
Links
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
5. The
Shell.
The Command Line
Standard Input and Standard Output
Running a Program in the Background
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion
Builtins
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
II. THE
EDITORS.
6. The
vim Editor.
History
Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File with vim
The compatible Parameter
Introduction to vim Features
Command Mode: Moving the Cursor
Input Mode
Command Mode: Deleting and Changing Text
Searching and Substituting
Miscellaneous Commands
Yank, Put, and Delete Commands
Reading and Writing Files
Setting Parameters
Advanced Editing Techniques
Units of Measure
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
7. The
emacs Editor.
History
Tutorial: Getting Started with emacs
Basic Editing Commands
Online Help
Advanced Editing
Language-Sensitive Editing
Customizing emacs
More Information
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
III.
THE SHELLS.
8. The
Bourne Again Shell.
Background
Shell Basics
Parameters and Variables
Processes
History
Aliases
Functions
Controlling bash Features and Options
Processing the Command Line
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
9. The
TC Shell.
Shell Scripts
Entering and Leaving the TC Shell
Features Common to the Bourne Again and TC Shells
Redirecting Standard Error
Working with the Command Line
Variables
Control Structures
Builtins
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
IV. PROGRAMMING
TOOLS.
10. Programming
Tools.
Programming in C
Using Shared Libraries
make: Keeps a Set of Programs Current
Debugging C Programs
Threads
System Calls
Source Code Management
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
11. Programming
the Bourne Again Shell.
Control Structures
File Descriptors
Parameters and Variables
Builtin Commands
Expressions
Shell Programs
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
12. The
gawk Pattern Processing Language.
Syntax
Arguments
Options
Notes
Language Basics
Examples
Advanced gawk Programming
Error Messages
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Advanced Exercises
13. The
sed Editor.
Syntax
Arguments
Options
Editor Basics
Examples
Chapter Summary
Exercises
Part V: Command Reference
Standard Multiplicative Suffixes
Common Options
The sample Utility
sample:
Very brief description of what the utility does
aspell: Checks a file for spelling errors
at: Executes commands at a specified time
bzip2: Compresses or decompresses files
cal: Displays a calendar
cat: Joins and displays files
cd: Changes to another working directory
chgrp: Changes the group associated with a file
chmod: Changes the access mode (permissions) of a file
chown: Changes the owner of a file and/or the group the file is associated
with
cmp: Compares two files
comm: Compares sorted files
configure: Configures source code automatically
cp: Copies files
cpio: Creates an archive or restores files from an archive
crontab: Maintains crontab files
cut: Selects characters or fields from input lines
date: Displays or sets the system time and date
dd: Converts and copies a file
df: Displays disk space usage
diff: Displays the differences between two files
du: Displays information on disk usage by file
echo: Displays a message
expr: Evaluates an expression
file: Displays the classification of a file
find: Finds files based on criteria
finger: Displays information about users
fmt: Formats text very simply
fsck: Checks and repairs a filesystem
ftp: Transfers files over a network
gcc: Compiles C and C++ programs
grep: Searches for a pattern in files
gzip: Compresses or decompresses files
head: Displays the beginning of a file
kill: Terminates a process by PID
killall: Terminates a process by name
less: Displays text files, one screen at a time
ln: Makes a link to a file
lpr: Sends files to printers
ls: Displays information about one or more files
make: Keeps a set of programs current
man: Displays documentation for commands
mkdir: Creates a directory
mkfs: Creates a filesystem on a device
Mtools: Uses DOS-style commands on files and directories
mv: Renames or moves a file
nice: Changes the priority of a command
nohup: Runs a command that keeps running after you log out
od: Dumps the contents of a file
paste: Joins corresponding lines from files
pr: Paginates files for printing
ps: Displays process status
rcp: Copies one or more files to or from a remote system
rlogin: Logs in on a remote system
rm: Removes a file (deletes a link)
rmdir:Removes a directory
rsh: Executes commands on a remote system
scp: Securely copies one or more files to or from a remote system
sleep: Creates a process that sleeps for a specified interval
sort: Sorts and/or merges files
split: Divides a file in into sections
ssh: Securely executes commands on a remote system
strings: Displays strings of printable characters
stty:
Displays or sets terminal parameters
tail: Displays the last part (tail) of a file
tar: Stores or retrieves files to/from an archive file
tee: Copies standard input to standard output and one or more files
telnet: Connects to a remote system over a network
test: Evaluates an expression
top: Dynamically displays process status
touch: Changes a file's access and/or modification time
tr: Replaces specified characters
tty: Displays the terminal pathname
tune2fs: Changes parameters on an ext2 or ext3 filesystem
umask: Establishes the file-creation permissions mask
uniq: Displays unique lines
w: Displays information about system users
wc: Displays the number of lines, words, and bytes
which: Shows where in PATH a command is located
who: Displays information about logged-in users
xargs: Converts standard input into command lines
VI. APPENDIXES.
Appendix
A: Regular Expressions.
Characters
Delimiters
Simple Strings
Special Characters
Rules
Bracketing Expressions
The Replacement String
Extended Regular Expressions
Appendix Summary
Appendix
B: Help.
Solving a Problem
Finding Linux-Related Information
Specifying a Terminal
Appendix
C: Keeping the System Up-to-Date.
yum: Updates and Installs Packages
Apt: An Alternative to yum
BitTorrent
Glossary.
Index.
About
the Author
Mark G. Sobell is the author of three best-selling UNIX and Linux books:
A Practical Guide to the UNIX System, UNIX System V: A Practical
Guide, and A Practical Guide to Linux. He has more than twenty
years of experience working with UNIX and Linux and is president of Sobell
Associates Inc., a consulting firm that designs and builds custom software
applications, designs and writes documentation, and provides UNIX and Linux
training and support.
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews: 1 Average Customer Rating:      Nov 14, 2005     Oblomov from Washington, DC Best book on Linux coming from Windows World I am new to Linux. I've played around with it for a bit 3-4 years back, but haven't looked at it since. Recently I've had to start managing a few Linux boxes, and even with a lot of information available online, it was not quite enough.
This book provided easy and indexed descriptions and examples needed to get into Linux (CentOS specifically) quick and get going. It has excellent shell descriptoins and command examples. It's a much more useful book then Running Linux or the Fedora Bible book I got.
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