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Multimedia Communication Systems Techniques,Standards and Networkes
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The past
years have seen an explosion in the use of digital media. Industry is making
significant investments to deliver digital audio, image and video information
to consumers and customers. A new infrastructure of digital audio, image and
video recorders and players; online services and electronic commerce is rapidly
being deployed. At the same time, major corporations are converting their audio,
image and video archives to an electronic form. Digital media offer several
distinct advantages over analog media. The quality of digital audio, image and
video signals is higher than that of their analog counterparts. Editing is easy
because one can access the exact discrete locations that need to be changed.
Copying is simple with no loss of fidelity. A copy of digital media is identical
to the original. Digital audio, image and video are easily transmitted across
networked information systems. These advantages have opened up many new possibilities.
Multimedia
consists of Multimedia data + Set of interactions. Multimedia data
is informally considered as the collection of three Ms: multisource, multitype
and multiformat data. The interactions among the multimedia components consist
of complex relationships without which multimedia would be a simple set of visual,
audio and other data.
Multimedia
and multimedia communication can be globally viewed as a hierarchical system.
The multimedia software and applications provide a direct interactive environment
for users. When a computer requires information from remote computers or servers,
multimedia information must travel through computer networks. Because the amount
of information involved in the transmission of video and audio can be substantial,
the multimedia information must be compressed before it can be sent through
the network in order to reduce the communication delay. Constraints, such as
limited delay and jitter, are used to ensure a reasonable video and audio effect
at the receiving end. Therefore, communication networks are undergoing constant
improvements in order to provide for multimedia communication capabilities.
LANs are used to connect local computers and other equipment, and Wide Area
Networks (WANs) and the Internet connect the LANs together. Better standards
are constantly being developed, in order to provide a global information superhighway
across which multimedia information will travel.
Table
of Contents
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
List of Acronyms.
1. Multimedia Communications.
Introduction. Multimedia Communication Model.
Elements of Multimedia Systems. User Requirements. Network Requirements. Packet
Transfer Concept. Multimedia Requirements and ATM Networks. Multimedia Terminals.
Concluding Remarks.
2. Audio-Visual Integration.
Introduction. Media Interaction. Bimodality
of Human Speech. Lip Reading. Speech-Driven Talking Heads. Lip Synchronization.
Lip Tracking. Audio-to-Visual Mapping. Bimodal Person Verification. Joint Audio-Video
Coding. Concluding Remarks.
3. Multimedia Processing in Communications.
Introduction. Digital Media. Signal-Processing
Elements. Challenges of Multimedia Information Processing. Texture-Based Methods.
Shape-Based Methods. Color-Based Methods. Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio
Signals. Absolute Threshold of Hearing. Critical Band Frequency Analysis. Simultaneous
Masking and the Spread of Masking. Temporal Masking. PE. Transform Audio Coders.
Audio Subband Coders. Speech Coder Attributes. CD Audio Coding for Multimedia
Applications. Image Coding. Video Coding. Watermarking. Organization, Storage
and Retrieval Issues. Signal Processing for Networked Multimedia. NNs for Multimedia
Processing. Multimedia Processors. Concluding Remarks.
4. Distributed Multimedia Systems.
Introduction. Main Features of a DMS. Resource
Management of DMS. Networking. IP Networking. IP Multicast. Resource Reservation
Protocol (RSVP). RTP. Performance Management. Fault Management. Configuration
Management. Security Management. Accounting and Billing Management. Multimedia
Operating Systems. CPU Management. Memory Management. I/O Management. File System
Management. Distributed Multimedia Servers. Distributed Multimedia Applications.
VoD. Telecooperation Infrastructure. Telecooperative Applications. Telemedicine.
Basic Features of a Hypermedia System. The Web. Concluding Remarks.
5. Multimedia Communication Standards.
Introduction. MPEG Approach to Multimedia Standardization.
MPEG-1 (Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio). MPEG-2 (Generic Coding
of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio). MPEG-2 Video-The Basics. MPEG-2 Video
Syntax. MPEG-2 Video Scalability. MPEG-2 Video: Profiles and Levels. MPEG-4-Coding
of Audiovisual Objects. Media_Objects. MPEG-4 Version 1. MPEG-4 Version_2. Extensions
to MPEG-4 Beyond Version 2. Profiles in MPEG-4. Verification Testing: Checking
MPEG's Performance. MPEG-4 Standardization Process. Requirements for MPEG-4.
MPEG-4 Systems Architecture. Elementary Stream Management (ESM). Auxiliary Descriptors
and Streams. Structuring Content by Grouping of Streams. Managing Content Complexity.
Distributed Content-Handling Considerations. System Decoder Model (SDM) for
ES Synchronization. MPEG-4 Systems BIFS. DMIF Computational Model. Shape-Coding
Tools for MPEG-4 Natural Video. Motion Estimation and Compensation. Texture-Coding
Tools. Multifunctional Coding. Sprite Coding. Scalability. Error Resilience.
Relationship Between Natural and Synthetic Video Coding. Synthetic Images. Integration
of Face Animation with Natural Video. FAPs. Face Model. Coding of FAPs. FIT.
Integration of Face Animation and Text-to-Speech (TTS) Synthesis. BIFS for Facial
Animation. 2D Mesh Coding. VO Tracking. 2D-Mesh Object Encoder/Decoder. MPEG-4
Natural Audio Coding. General Audio Coding (Advanced Audio Coding Based). Twin
VQ. Speech Coding in MPEG-4 Audio. Scalability in MPEG-4 Natural Audio. Synthetic
Audio in MPEG-4. Audio BIFS. Visual Object Types. Visual Profiles. Audio Object
Types. Audio Profiles. Graphics. Systems Profiles. MPEG-4 Visual Texture Coding
(VTC) and JPEG 2000 Image Compression Standards. MPEG-4 VTC. JPEG. PNG. Region
of Interest (ROI) Coding. Scalability. Error Resilience. IPRs. Error Resilience.
MPEG-7 Standardization Process of Multimedia Content Description. MPEG-7 Systems.
MPEG-7 DDL. MPEG-7 Audio. MPEG-7 Visual. MPEG-7 MMDSs. MPEG-7 Reference Software
(XM). MPEG-7 Conformance. MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework. MPEG-21 Digital Item
Declaration. Content Representation. Digital Item Identification and Description.
Content Management and Usage. Intellectual Property Management and Protection.
Terminals and Networks. Event Reporting. ITU-T Standardization of Audiovisual
Communication Systems (H.310, H.320, H.321, H.322, H.323, and H.324). H.320
Standard. Standards for Audiovisual Services Across ATM H.310 and H.321. Standard
H.322-Guaranteed QoS LAN Systems. ITU-T H.323 Standard. H.324 Standard. H.261
Standard. H.263 Standard. H.263+ (H.263 Version 2) Standard. H.263++ Standard
Development. H.26L Standard. Bit Rate_. Delay. Complexity. Quality. ITU-T Recommendation
H.221. ITU-T Recommendation H.223. ITU-T Recommendation H.225. Common Control
Protocol H.245_. IETF and Internet Standards. Classical IP Stack. IP Version
6_. Priority Field. Flow Label. IPv6 Addresses. Hop-by-Hop Options Header. Fragment
Header_. Routing Header. IPv6 Security. Signaling. Session Control. Transport_.
Network Infrastructure_. Multimedia Data for Network Use. Use of RTP_. System
Architecture. MPEG-4 Server. MPEG-4 Client. Concluding Remarks.
6. Multimedia Communications Across Networks.
Packet Audio/Video in the Network Environment.
Video Transport Across Generic Networks. Layered Compression. Layered Transmission.
Error-Resilient Encoding. Decoder Error Concealment. Error-Resilient Entropy
Code. Rate Control Techniques. Theoretical Foundation of the SRC. Video Compression.
Requirements Imposed by Streaming Applications. Application Layer QoS Control.
Continuous Media Distribution Services. Streaming Servers. Media Synchronization.
Protocols for Streaming Video. Multimedia Transport Across ATM Networks. Multimedia
Across IP Networks. MPEG Video Transmission on the Internet. Video Coding for
Multimedia Across IP. Multimedia Across DSLs. Serial Transmission: TDM. Parallel
Transmission Frequency Division Multiplexing. Internet Access Networks. Multimedia
Across Wireless. Communication System (WBCS) for Multimedia. Speech Transmission
in GSM. Video Across GSM. Mobile ATM. Mobile IP. Wireless Multimedia Delivery.
SIP in Mobile Environment. Multicast Routing in Cellular Networks. Broadband
Wireless Mobile. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). Data Transmission Using MPEG-2
and DVB. MPEG Program Stream. MPEG Transport Stream. Broadband Multimedia Satellite
Systems. Multimedia Home Platform. Multimedia Car Platform. Digital Television
Infrastructure for Interactive Multimedia Services. Interactive Broadcast Data
(IDB) Services. Data Carousel Concept. Concluding Remarks.
References.
Index.
About the Authors.
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